Dealing With Difficulty - Grade 10
The Dealing With Difficulty series was conceived as part of Inquiry By Design’s efforts to ensure that secondary students have regular and supported opportunities to work with difficult texts. Each unit at each grade level is an excursion into difficulty that is important in and of itself, but that is also valuable because it supplies a basis for reflection and comparison in subsequent experiences with difficult texts.
Table of Contents
Writing Tasks
Title: Small-Groups: Difficulty in “Crabs Dig Holes” What and Why?
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 1
- Ask students to work independently for a moment to review their difficulty markings in “Crabs Dig Holes” and to identify three moments or lines they marked. Give students 4-5 minutes to make an entry for each line or moment on the chart they created in their notebook. Remind students to be sure to copy down the line number and an excerpt of the moment as it is written in the essay in the “What is difficult?” column. If the selection is especially long, students can copy the line numbers and a small portion of the quote for reference. If students have marked numerous moments, challenge them to choose the ones they think are most important or most confusing.
Next, place students in pairs or trios and ask them to share their chart entries with their partner(s). Give each group a piece of chart paper and a marker and ask students to work together to create a master “What’s difficult?/ Why is it difficult?” chart for their group. Explain that at the end of the small-group work, each group will post its chart on the wall so the rest of the class can review it and all of the other charts prior to the upcoming whole-group discussion. Give groups 7-10 minutes to build their charts.
Title: Small-Groups: “Crabs Dig Holes” Sections and Chunks
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 2
- Place students in pairs or trios and then disseminate the assignment.
Lead the whole group through this task for the first section or chunk.
Afterwards, answer any questions students have about that work and then give the small groups the remainder of the work period to complete both lists for each of the remaining chunks or sections.
Title: Small-Groups: Retelling “Crabs Dig Holes” Search and Study
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 3
- Take a few minutes to review the assignment sheet with the class. Consider asking students to annotate the task sheet to clearly identify what is being asked of them.
- Explain that this session’s work will be dedicated to tackling the “search and study” questions identified by the class (as well as students’ own additional questions and wonderings).
- Use the remainder of the focus lesson to model how you might go about approaching one “search and study” item from the list created in the previous session.
- Place students in pairs or trios.
- Negotiate expectations and rules regarding issues such as accessing dictionaries, using the Internet (on either computers or phones), or consulting other resources that students might require during their search and study work.
- Give students time to meet in their small groups to complete the search and study work for the remaining sections of the essay.
Title: Small-Groups: Retelling “Crabs Dig Holes” Making Sense of Difficult Moments
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 4
- Ask each student to select one of the difficult moments identified during Session 2 (or an additional idea they feel is important) that they want to work on.
- Place students in pairs and explain that each pair will work on two lines or moments in the following way:
- Work together to say how you make sense of this line or moment.
- Describe how you made sense of it.
- Capture your work for each moment or line on your “Making Sense”
notebook chart.
Explain to students that they should take 5-7 minutes to work on each of their lines.
Title: Small-Groups: What is McPherson’s message in “Crabs Dig Holes”?
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 5
After students have finished their quick writes, place them in pairs or trios.
Distribute chart paper and markers to the groups and ask students to work with their partners to create a chart (or charts if members of the group disagree about the message Ross is sending). Tell the class that each chart should include the following information:
- A brief answer to the question “What message do you think Ross is sending in ‘Crabs Dig Holes’?”
Summaries or excerpts of the lines or moments from the text that provide evidence to support that position.
Remind students to draw on their quick writes, their notes, and the existing charts to do this work.
Give students 7-10 minutes to create their charts.
Title: Small-Groups: “Crabs Dig Holes” Why would someone write like this?
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 6
- Give students 5-7 minutes to work in their small groups to discuss this question and then ask them to work individually to compose a quick write answering the question.
- Convene a whole-class discussion
Title: Writing About “Crabs Dig Holes…”
Instructions: For this assignment you will write an argument about “Crabs Dig Holes According to the Size of Their Shells” that answers the question in the box below. It will sound familiar to you because you participated in a discussion about it in the previous session’s work.
What is McPherson’s primary message in “Crabs Dig Holes According to the Size of Their Shells”?
Suggested Student Materials: Interpretive_Argument Checklist
Title: Writing About “Allegory of the Cave”
Instructions:
For this assignment, you will need to respond to the prompt with a clear thesis and an explanation that is anchored or tied to specific moments or lines in a text. You will have a chance to revisit the “retelling” and “central idea” work you did with “Allegory of the Cave” as you consider the text as a whole.
Here is the assignment. It will sound familiar to you because you participated in several discussions about it in the previous session’s work.
What is the central idea of Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”?
How does Plato develop this idea throughout the text from the beginning to the end?
Suggested Student Materials: Informational_Explanatory Checklist
Charts for Discussion
Title: Difficulty in “Crabs Dig Holes” What and Why?
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 1
Next, sketch out on the board a two-column chart like the one nearby and ask students to create one like it in their notebooks. Students may recognize the similarity of this chart to the work from Language and Thought, though there will be some differences in the workflow in this unit.
Model making an entry in the “Difficulty” chart. Point out that there may be many kinds of difficulties that showed up for students: difficult words, difficult or confusing sentences, difficult ideas, unusual links made by the author, etc. Focus your modeling on showing how a “difficult moment” is one where you may have felt confused or may have stopped understanding the ideas. Point out that answering the question “Why is this difficult?” is actually something you need to stop and think about—be as specific as possible as you explain why it’s difficult. This will later help us think through the difficulty.
CLOSING MEETING
- Distribute masking tape and have the groups post their charts on
the classroom walls so that the class can conduct a “gallery walk” where students take a few minutes to walk around the room and read the work on each chart. - Give students 3-5 minutes to walk around and read the other charts in the room.
- Convene a whole-class discussion about the work. You are not trying to resolve these questions right now because there is time set aside for that work in the next sessions. You might initiate the conversation by saying something like this:
- “Let’s take a look at what you guys think is difficult in the essay and what it is about those moments or lines that you think make it difficult.”
- During this conversation, be sure to capture the class’s thinking on a new chart titled “Difficulty in ‘Crabs Dig Holes’: What and Why?” that can be displayed for the whole class to see. (You will need to display this chart in the next session.) This conversation is a chance for the class to notice overlaps across groups and to benefit from the thinking each group did.
Title: Making Sense of “Crabs Dig Holes”
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 4
Reread the difficult moment and invite one or two volunteers to offer ideas about this. Encourage other students to extend, push back, or otherwise respond to these ideas. After discussing this with the class for 4-5 minutes, work with the group to craft entries for the second and third columns. (Students should add these model entries to their notebook charts as well.)
Title: Difficulty in “Allegory of the Cave” What and Why?
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 7
- Remind students that they completed this same type of chart with the McPherson essay. Review any instructions or improvements you would like to see students make in the way they approach this task the second time. (For example, you might wish to see more specific descriptions of why something was difficult.)
- Give students 2-3 minutes to review the text and the moments they marked as difficult. Encourage them to add any additional markings to the text during this review.
- Next, reconvene the class and ask students to share the moments they identified as difficult. Work with the class to enter line numbers and excerpts in the chart’s first column and to answer the “why is it difficult” question in column two. As before, when working on the second column, push students to explain what, specifically, makes the moment confusing or difficult. Sometimes, that explanation will simply be “I don’t know this word,” but other times they will need to clarify further: “This sentence is so long and full of commas that I can’t untangle what he’s talking about,” for example.
Title: Section 1: A Retelling
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 7
Afterwards, reconvene the whole group and work with the class to craft a retell- ing of section one. Capture this retelling on a chart or display the whole class can see and title it something like “Section 1: A Retelling.”
As you work with the class on this retelling, suggest to students that the commas and semicolons (as well as colons and parentheses) divide the sequence of words into manageable parts and that it is a reader’s job to figure out how each part relates to the ones before or after it. This can be seen in lines 3-9: “Behold! human beings living in an underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the cave; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads.” This kind of sentence, full of commas and separate clauses, is common in older and classical texts, and is best understood when broken into sections
Checks for Understanding
Title: “Crabs Dig Holes” Lists: Important Moments and Questions
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 2
- Reconvene the class and facilitate a discussion about the work period’s list-building work.
- Organize this discussion by working with the class to create, on a chart, a “master” version of the lists for each chunk on a chart. You may add newly discovered difficulties to the “What and Why?” chart from the previous session, while capturing important moments on a separate list. You will continue to work with the difficult moments in the following sessions. In addition, periodically, over the next few sessions, you may wish to ask students whether they think they should add any additional items to the “important moments” list.
- Next, work with the class to sort the difficult moments listed on the chart as described below. This sorting work will shape the work of the next two sessions, so if anything prevents you from completing it at this time, be sure to return to it before beginning the next session’s work. The goal is to guide students into sorting the difficulties they have identified into two categories:
- “Search and study” difficulties: This category encompasses the types of questions that could be answered or informed by outside resources, like a dictionary or web search –terms, concepts, topics, or places that students want or need to learn more about.
- Other moments in the text that are difficult: These are the types of questions that cannot be answered by outside research and would be better answered through discussion, rereading, and other approaches. Questions of this type would include difficulties around why the author makes certain writing choices, or how the author organizes information, or what the author means then using language in an interesting or creative way.
- Wrap up the closing meeting by working with the class to create basic research questions for each of the “search and study” items. List these questions on the board or on a chart. Ask students to copy them down in their notebooks as well. Students are encouraged to add and include additional questions of their own to their lists, but in any case, you will need the list of basic research questions as well as the list of the “search and study difficulties” and “other moments” in the next two sessions.
Title: “Crabs Dig Holes” Questions and Answers
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 3
- Reconvene the class and lead the whole group through brief discussions of each of the research questions generated at the end of Session 2.
- Check for understanding: Students should share their findings and work together to develop an answer to each question. Capture these answers on the board or another display so that students see them in writing, and be sure to return frequently to the question of how the information helps inform the class’s understanding of the text. Strongly encourage students to add new information to the notes they made during the work period.
Title: Retelling of “Crabs Dig Holes…”
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 4
- Facilitate a whole-group meeting in which the class collaborates to create a retelling of “Crabs Dig Holes.” To do this, move through the essay chunk-by-chunk. If you use chart paper to capture the retelling, be sure to leave it posted in the room so students can review it during the sessions ahead. If you type it up on a computer, be sure to make it easily accessible to students or distribute copies to the class so students can glue or tape it into their notebooks.
- As they collaborate on the retelling, students should draw on the information and insights they garnered from the search and study and making sense work.
- After completing the retelling work for the last chunk, go back and read the entire summary to the class and make any final adjustments or additions.
Title: What message do you think McPherson is sending in “Crabs Dig Holes”?
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 5
- Give students masking tape and have them post the charts on the classroom walls so that the class can conduct a “gallery walk” where students take a few minutes to walk around the room to read the work on each chart.
- Give students 3-5 minutes to walk around and read the other charts in the room.
- Convene a whole-class discussion about the question “What message do you think McPherson is sending in ‘Crabs Dig Holes According to the Size of Their Shells’?” Once again, be sure to use the student charts as scaffolds or points of focus for the discussion.
- Encourage students to take notes during this
discussion. These notes will play an important role in the formal interpretive writing task introduced in the upcoming session. - Resist the urge to explain or identify the connections yourself. Instead, push the conversation along by doing the following:
- Ask follow-up questions, including
- Requests for clarification.
- Requests for additional support for students’ ideas.
- Requests for further development of their ideas.
- Requests for explanations of how individual student’s ideas build on or relate to what students have said previously.
- Requests for students to summarize the ideas that are on the table.
- Draw students back to the text. Asking “What line?” questions and otherwise referring back to the text are critical if students are to grow accustomed to doing text-based work. Remember that apprenticing students into the world of text-based work is as important as negotiating responses to the prompt in play.
- Be patient, but also be persistent in your quest for responses.
- Ask students to talk to one another rather than to or through you. Support students to extend, confirm, or critique each other’s ideas.
- Ask follow-up questions, including
- Work to ensure that everyone has an opportunity to participate. Establish the expectation that everyone’s idea counts and that people get smarter by working together to explore difficult questions or ideas.
- Check for understanding: In addition to facilitating this conversation, work hard to capture and distill the major ideas that students are developing on a class chart. Push students to help you build text-based explanations to support them. This will ensure that students get a glimpse of what it looks like when someone builds a text-based explanation.
Title: Small-Group Work: “Crabs Dig Holes” Reflection Questions
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 6
- Place students in groups of twos or threes and ask them to chart a response to the following questions:
- What did you learn about this essay from the work in the last few sessions
- What did you learn about dealing with difficult texts from this study of “Crabs Dig Holes”?
- What were some of the specific things we did to make sense of the essay that we could use with other texts, too?
- Give students masking tape and ask them to post the charts on the class- room walls. Give students 3-5 minutes to walk around and read the other charts in the room.
Title: Retelling Strategies
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 7
- Use the following question to debrief the work period experience:
- “What are the things you did to create a retelling, and what was the order, as best you can remember, in which you did them?”
- “What are the things you did to create a retelling, and what was the order, as best you can remember, in which you did them?”
- Check for understanding: Capture student observations on a new chart titled “Retelling Strategies.”
Title: Section 2: A Retelling
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 8
Reconvene the whole group and work with the class to (a) craft a retelling of the second section, and (b) draw a detailed picture of the cave and the world outside. Mark the key elements on the picture. Capture the retelling and picture of the cave on two different pieces of chart paper for display. Title the retelling something like “Section 2: A Retelling,” and title the picture “The Cave.” (You will use the illustration again in Session 10.) Consider asking students to copy the class retelling down as a model.
Title: Section 3: A Retelling
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 8
Reconvene the whole group.
In a “whip around” fashion, have representatives from each small group share their retelling with the class. Capture a distillation of the class’s retelling ideas on a new chart titled “Section 3: A Retelling.” Students should compare this to their own retelling and make revisions if the class retelling differs meaningfully in content from individual groups’ work.
Afterwards, revisit the following question to debrief the work period experience: “What are the things you did to create a retelling, and what was the order, as best you can remember, in which you did them?” Add any new items to the “Retelling Strategies” chart.
Note: This question will be repeated one more time during this unit. It is also a good opportunity to ask students, specifically, how they solved the difficulties they marked.
Title: Section 4: A Retelling
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 9
Have students return to their seats and convene a whole-class discussion about the work. During this conversation, be sure to capture the class’s thinking on a new chart titled “Section 4: A Retelling” that can be displayed for the whole class to see. This conversation is a chance for the class to notice overlaps across groups and to benefit from the thinking each group did.
Afterwards, revisit the following question to debrief the experience: “What are the things you did to create a retelling, and what was the order, as best you can remember, in which you did them?”
Add any new items to the “Retelling Strategies” chart and ask students, specifically, how they solved the difficulties they marked.
Title: Section 5: A Retelling
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 10
Reconvene the class and work with students to craft a whole-class retelling of section 5. To do this, call on students to share the sentences they wrote with their partners during the work period. Draw on the students’ work to negotiate a class retelling and capture it on a chart titled “Section 5: A Retelling.”
After the retelling of section 5, direct students’ attention to the illustration of the cave that was created in Session 8. Remind students of the definition of
an allegory. Explain to them that as an allegory, each of the elements on the illustration has a secondary, figurative meaning in addition the literal one. As a class, work together to identify what each of the elements symbolizes.
Title: What is the central idea of Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”?
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Session 11
- Convene a whole-class discussion about the central idea in Plato’s text. As the discussion is winding down, ask students to talk about how he develops his idea across the different paragraphs and sections. Once again, be sure to use the retelling charts as scaffolds or points of focus for the discussion.
- Encourage students to take notes during this discussion. These notes will play an important role in the formal interpretive writing task introduced in the upcoming session.
- Resist the urge to explain or identify the connections yourself. Instead, push the conversation along by doing the following:
- Ask follow-up questions, including
- Requests for clarification.
- Requests for additional support for students’ ideas.
- Requests for further development of their ideas.
- Requests for explanations of how individual student’s ideas build on or relate to what students have said previously.
- Requests for students to summarize the ideas that are on the table.
- Draw students back to the text. Asking “What line?” questions and otherwise referring back to the text are critical if students are to grow accustomed to doing text-based work. Remember that apprenticing students into the world of text-based work is as important as negotiating responses to the prompt in play.
- Be patient, but also be persistent in your quest for responses.
- Ask students to talk to one another rather than to or through you. Support students to extend, confirm, or critique each other’s ideas.
- Ask follow-up questions, including
- Work to ensure that everyone has an opportunity to participate. Establish the expectation that everyone’s idea counts and that people get smarter by working together to explore difficult questions or ideas.
- Check for understanding: In addition to facilitating this conversation, work hard to capture and distill the major ideas that students are developing on a class chart. Push students to help you build text-based explanations to support them. This will ensure that students get a glimpse of what it looks like when someone builds a text-based explanation.
Independent Reading
Title: Book Interview
Instructions:
Display a copy of the “Book Interview” sheet for the class to see and distribute copies to students.
Using one of the books from the classroom library, model for students how to interview a book and how to fill out the sheet. Answer any questions students have about the form and its terminology.
Give students time to interview three books and to enter their findings on the “Book Interview” sheet.
Title: Book Pass
Instructions:
Organize students’ desks into a circle (or, if this is not possible, determine a very clear path for books to pass through the group).
Explain the purpose of a book pass:
A book pass is another way to expose students to the texts available in the classroom library. A book pass requires students to use their book interviewing skills. A book pass is a chance for students to find titles to add to their “Books I’d Like to Read” list.
Display a copy of the “Book Pass” for the class to see and pass out copies to students.
Demonstrate for the class how a person goes about making an entry on the form. Since students will need to write quickly, show how an author can be listed just by last name and first initial, and demonstrate how a student can abbreviate a long title if necessary. What matters is that they have enough information to track down the book again later if they need to.
Give each student one book (or magazine). Tell them it doesn’t matter which text they start with, because they will see all—or at least many of—the books. (Be sure you have one title for each student in the circle.)
Choose a direction for passing.
After students receive a book, they should immediately record the author’s name (if the text is a book) and title on the “Book Pass” form.
Give students one minute to interview each book following the procedure established in the previous session.
At the end of one minute, call “pass.” At this time, students should make an entry in the comments column and pass the book to the next student.
Continue the book pass until each student has interviewed all the books.
Title: Book Recommendation
Instructions:
Distribute copies of the “Book Recommendation” form to students and give them time to craft or begin crafting their first review. Students can choose to write about a book they’ve completed recently or one they remember well from past reading.
Title: Goals for My Reading Life
Instructions:
Display a copy of “Goals for My Reading Life” for the class to see and distribute copies to students.
Use this time to review how to fill out the goals sheet. Be sure to show students how they can use the charts to generate ideas for answers to the “Goals” questions.
Take a moment to stress the value and function of the “Books I’d Like to Read” list. Point out that this list is a tool that serves the same function as a bedside table for some readers: It is a place to store up titles or books that are “next in line.” Remind the class that readers constantly have their eyes open for “next” texts. A “Books I’d Like to Read List” is a way to prevent aimless and unproductive castings around for new reading materials. It’s a planning tool.
Explain that at the beginning of each marking period, each student will fill out a new goals sheet; at at the end of each marking period, students will take a few minutes to review their goals statements and reflect on their efforts to meet them.
Answer any questions students have about the “Goals for My Reading Life” forms.
Give students time to complete the form and set a deadline for submission. You may decide to photocopy these to keep a set for yourself. Return the forms to students during the next session and have them attach the form to a page in their notebook or save it for their student portfolio (see Creating a Student Portfolio).
Title: Reading Log
Teacher Manual Instructions:
Show students how to set up a “Reading Log” in their notebook. They should be sure to enter it in their table of contents. You may decide to distribute sticky notes so that students can flag this page. Use the model on the next page to guide your efforts.
Notice the column titled “Date Completed/# of Pages Read.” This column is a place for students to record, and receive credit for, the reading of texts that did not require a “cover-to-cover” experience. Be sure to point out that reading sections of several texts for specific purposes is not the same as skipping aimlessly from book to book to book. The former often indicates purposefulness and interest; the latter can indicate confusion or disengagement.
After students have set up the reading log—including proper headings, creating the grid, etc.—demonstrate how to make an entry.
Answer any questions students have about the log.
Remind students that the reading log is a tool to be used in conjunction with the “Goals” sheets. Students track their reading in the log and then use the log to evaluate their progress toward their goals.
If you plan to use student portfolios this year, consider introducing them at this time using some version of the information in the section that follows. Review Creating a Student Portfolio in advance to be sure you have thought through some of the important questions for portfolio work.
Unit Resources
Title: Retelling “Crabs Dig Holes”: Search and Study
Title: Retelling “Crabs Dig Holes”: Making Sense of Difficult Moments
Title: Grades 9 and 10 – Interpretive_Argument Rubric
Title: Grades 9 and 10 – Informational_Explanatory Rubric
Title: Scaffolds and Modifications: Descriptions and Use